| (a) | Seed ferns are common ancestors for Gnetales and cycads. |
| (b) | Zosterophyllum are avascular land plants that evolved in the Silurian period. |
| (c) | Lycopods are the oldest extant vascular land plants. |
| (d) | Sphenopsids evolved from the group of plants to which Psilophyton belongs. |
| Statement A: | Similarities in proteins and genes among diverse organisms indicates common ancestry. |
| Statement B: | Humans and chimpanzees also show biochemical similarities. |
| 1. | Pre-existing advantageous mutations when selected will result in observation of new phenotypes |
| 2. | Exposure to antibiotics causes mutation that confer antibiotic resistance |
| 3. | Mutations are directional variations |
| 4. | All antibiotic resistant bacteria which exist today are result of artificial selection |
| I: | the first form of life could have come from pre-existing non-living organic molecules (e.g. RNA, protein, etc.) |
| II: | formation of life was preceded by chemical evolution, i.e., the formation of diverse organic molecules from inorganic constituents. |
| III: | The conditions on earth were – high temperature, volcanic storms, reducing atmosphere containing CH4, NH3, etc. |
| 1. | Only I and II are correct. |
| 2. | Only I and III are correct. |
| 3. | Only II and III are correct. |
| 4. | I, II and III are correct. |
| Assertion (A): | Big bang theory says that the universe is still expanding. |
| Reason (R): | The expansion of the universe caused the decrease in temperature. |
| 1. | Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). |
| 2. | Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). |
| 3. | (A) is true, but (R) is false. |
| 4. | (A) is false, but (R) is true. |