The urine examination of a person suspected of a kidney disorder is most likely to show the presence of:

1. Urea	2. Potassium
3. Albumins	4. Glucose

Total body water in humans makes up between 45 to 75% of total body weight. About two thirds of this is:
1. Extracellular fluid
2. Interstitial fluid
3. Intracellular fluid
4. Plasma

Intracellular fluid:
1. has a lower concentration of potassium than extracellular fluid.
2. has a lower concentration of sodium ions than extracellular fluid.
3. does not remain in osmotic equilibrium.
4. has a higher concentration of calcium ions than extracellular fluid.

The principal cation in the extracellular fluid is:

Increased stretching of the atrial wall, due to increased atrial blood volume, stimulates the release of:

Serum potassium concentrations are the most potent stimulator of secretion of:
1. Aldosterone
2. Angiotensin II
3. ADH
4. Atrial natriuretic hormone

The humoral stimulus for the secretion of aldosterone is:
1. elevated blood ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ ion levels.
2. decreased blood ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{-}$ ion levels.
3. elevated blood ${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$ ion levels.
4. decreased blood ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{2+}$ ion levels.

An increased production of dilute urine will be the result of:
1. decreased ADH secretion
2. increased renin secretion
3. increased insulin production
4. increased aldosterone secretion

Which of the following contributes maximum to the buffer capacity of human body?
1. carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system.
2. phosphate buffer system.
3. protein buffer system.
4. oxygen/carbondioxide buffer system.

What is expected to happen to the pH of urine if the pH of the blood gets acidic?
1. Decreases.
2. Increases.
3. Remains the same.
4. First increases and than decreases.