Q. No.Sodium is the principal cation in blood. If the blood concentration of sodium ions gets below normal:
1. blood volume increases and blood pressure decreases
2. water drains from the collecting duct
3. blood volume and blood pressure decrease
4. ADH secretion increases
1. blood volume increases and blood pressure decreases
2. water drains from the collecting duct
3. blood volume and blood pressure decrease
4. ADH secretion increases
Mammals are:
1. osmoconformers.
2. hypotonic to their environment.
3. hypertonic to their environment.
4. osmoregulators.
The most toxic nitrogenous metabolic waste product is:
| 1. ammonia | 2. urea |
| 3. uric acid | 4. methane |
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Kidneys are not involved in:
1. Osmoregulation
2. Activation of Vitamin D
3. Secreting hormones
4. Glycogenesis
Malpighian body or the renal corpuscle is made up of:
1. Glomerular capillaries and PTCN
2. Bowman's capsule and renal tubules
3. Afferent and efferent arterioles
4. Glomerular capillaries and Bowman's capsule
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Filtration slits in the glomerular membrane are formed by:
1. The capillary endothelial cells
2. The basement membrane
3. The podocyte cells
4. Mesangial cells
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The juxtaglomerular apparatus is made up of:
1. Juxtaglomerular cells and podocytes
2. Macula densa and podocytes
3. Juxtaglomerular cells and mesangial cells
4. Juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa
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The basic functions of human kidneys in the production of urine include all the following except:
| 1. Glomerular filtration | 2. Tubular reabsorption |
| 3. Tubular secretion | 4. Erythropoietin production |
The reabsorption, from the filtrate, of sodium, glucose and amino acids:
1. involves the Bowman's capsule
2. is restricted to the loop of Henle
3. occurs mainly in the proximal convoluted tubules
4. occurs mainly by osmosis
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