Both hydrach and xerarch successions:

1. Take same time

2. Have similar sere

3. Lead to mesic conditions

4. Have same pioneer species

The second trophic level in a lake is:

1. Phytoplankton

2. Zooplankton

3. Benthos

4. Fishes

The rate of formation of new organic matter by consumers is called as:

1. Secondary productivity
2. Standing crop
3. Standing state
4. Net primary productivity

The limitations of ecological pyramids include all the following except:

1. The do not take into account the same species belonging to two or more trophic levels

2. They do not represent relationships between organisms at different trophic levels

3. They assume a simple food chain and do not consider food webs

4. Saprotrophs are not given any place in the ecological pyramids

About what percent of the global carbon is contained in the atmosphere?

1. 71

2. 49

3. 17

4. about 1

No predator can become proficient at acquiring prey because:
1. Predators are not as intelligent as prey.
2. Predators are too large to be fast enough.
3. Prey populations evolve more rapidly than predator populations.
4. Prey populations evolve anti-predatory traits.

Which of the following organisms will be the first to colonize a bare rock?

1. Annual plants

2. Lichens

3. Perennail plants

4. Herbs and shrubs

Most food chains are composed of 

1. 1 or 2 species

2. 3 or 4 species

3. 9 or 10 species

4. More than 16 species

The phosphorus cycle is unusual in that it is entirely:

1. Within aquatic ecosystems

2. Within terrestrial ecosystems

3. Sedimentary

4. Gaseous

During ecological succession

(1) the gradual and predictable change in species composition occurs in a given area

(2) the establishment of a new biotic community is very fast in its primary phase

(3) the numbers and types of animals remain constant

(4) the changes lead to a community that is in near equilibrium with the environment and is called pioneer community