In modern terms, selection refers to :

1. Inheritance of dominant characters
2. differential reproduction 
3. a decrease in allele frequency in a population
4. differences in the contribution of various genotypes to the next generation 

In genetic drift, the term "genetic bottleneck" means:

1. reduction in allele frequencies or richness

2. random change in allele frequency by chance alone

3. sudden increase in the number of individuals

4. reproductive isolation of the population

De Vries based his "Mutation Theory" on his observation on:

(1) Pisum sativum

(2) Drosophila melanogaster

(3) Oenothera lamarckiana

(4) Caenorhabditis elegans

Which of the following is not a major evolutionary trend seen in the evolution of horse?

(1) Progressive increase in the number of toes

(2) Increase in the complexity of the molar teeth

(3) Lengthening of the limbs in general

(4) Enlargement of the brain

Identify the correct statement:

1. As the coacervates do not have lipid outer membranes and cannot reproduce, they alone could not have been the precursors of life.

2. The microspheres could not be induced to constrict but had no large amount of diversity

3. The earliest life was probably not driven by the solar energy as is seen today

4. Protobionts cannot separate combination of molecules from the surroundings or maintain an internal environment but are able to reproduce.

Adenine was synthesized by Orgel, using the Miller apparatus, when he used the gas:

1. carbon dioxide

2. hydrogen cyanide

3. hydrogen sulfide

4. nitrogen

The control apparatus of the Urey and Miller experiment was devoid of:

1. a provision for evaporation 

2. an arrangement for circulation

3. a source of energy

4. an arrangement for condensation

The formation of a new species through change in a single lineage is known as:

(1) Anagenesis, or phyletic evolution

(2) Cladogenesis, or divergent evolution

(3) Convergent evolution

(4) Allopatry

Which of the following organisms alive today is likely to be most similar to the first life forms that evolved on the earth?

1. Methane producing bacteria

2. Cyanobacteria

3. Unicellular algae

4. Diatoms

Darwin finches on the Galapagos Islands are an excellent example of:

1. Disruptive selection

2. Inheritance of acquired characters

3. Adaptive radiation

4. Convergent evolution