Linear accelerations and head-tilts in the horizontal plane are detected by:

1. utricle

2. semicircular canals

3. organ of Corti

4. saccule

In the peripheral nervous system, the cells that are capable of forming a regeneration tube through which a severed peripheral axon can regrow are the:

1. Schwann cells
2. astrocytes
3. oligodendrocytes
4. microglia

A diffuse network of nerve pathways in the brainstem connecting the spinal cord, cerebrum, and cerebellum, and mediating the overall level of consciousness is the:

1. Hippocampus
2. Hypothalamus
3. Reticular activating system
4. Limbic system

Motor aphasia may result due to the lesion of:

1. Broca's area
2. Wernicke's area
3. the cingulate gyrus
4. the angular gyrus

Assertion: A person with damage to Broca’s speech area in the left hemisphere may not be able to speak but may retain the ability to sing.
Reason: The left hemisphere is the dominant hemisphere for language in majority of the human beings.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: Nicotine binds directly to the receptors on the postsynaptic neurons of the brain.
Reason: Any chemical occurring in the brain will naturally have receptors on the neurons.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

In a single-ion system, reversal potential is synonymous with equilibrium potential; their numerical values are identical, and it:

1. Is a function of the concentration of that ion on the extracellular side of the membrane

2. Is a function of the concentration of that ion on the intracellular side of the membrane

3. Is the potential at which there is no movement of that ion across the membrane due to electrochemical forces

4. Is the potential at which there is equal movement of that ion into and out of the cell across the membrane due to electrochemical forces

The period of time during which a second action potential cannot be initiated, no matter how large the applied stimulus is the absolute refractory period. Which statement is true for this period?

1. Potassium channels are open and the membrane is hyperpolarized
2. It immediately follows the relative refractory period
3. It allows an action potential to proceed in two directions along the length of an axon
4. It occurs when the sodium channels are open

A local anesthetic is a medication that causes reversible absence of pain sensation. They:
1. block the closure of voltage regulated potassium ion channels
2. stimulate the opening of voltage regulated potassium ion channels
3. block the opening of the voltage regulated sodium ion channels
4. stimulate the opening of voltage regulated sodium ion channels

What would be true for the nociceptors?

1. Nociceptors respond to extreme stimuli

2. All nociceptors are located in the skin

3. Nociceptors are involved in noise perception

4. Nociceptor pathways of conduction cannot be inhibited