| 1. | Hugo de Vries | : | Natural selection |
| 2. | Darwin | : | Theory of Pangenesis |
| 3. | Pasteur | : | Theory of continuity of germplasm |
| 4. | Mendel | : | Inheritance of acquired characters |
| 1. | Darwinian variations are small and directionless |
| 2. | Mutations are random and directional |
| 3. | Fitness is the end result of the ability to adapt and get selected by nature |
| 4. | All mammals except whales and camels have seven cervical vertebrae |